Circuitry inspired by prime numbers creates chaotic signals
The researchers developed a technique that enables a simple, yet highly versatile, way to generate “chaotic signals” with various features. The technique consists of interconnecting three “ring oscillators,” effectively making them compete against each other, while controlling their respective strengths and their linkages.
The ability to recreate the signals found in natural systems, such as those in brains, swarms, and the weather, is useful for understanding the underlying principles in such phenomema. These signals can be very complex, with the extreme case being so-called “chaotic signals.” Chaos does not mean randomness, but instead it represents a very complicated type of order. Minute changes in the parameters of a chaotic system can result in greatly different behaviors. Chaotic signals are difficult to predict, but they are present in lots of different scenarios.
Unfortunately, the generation of chaotic signals with desired features is a difficult task. Creating them digitally is in some cases too power consuming, and approaches based on analog circuits are necessary. Now, researchers in Japan, Italy, and Poland propose a new approach for creating integrated circuits that can generate chaotic signals. This research was the result of a collaboration between scientists from Tokyo Institute of Technology (Tokyo Tech), in part funded by the World Research Hub Initiative, the Universities of Catania and Trento, Italy, and the Polish Academy of Sciences in Krakow, Poland.
The research team started from the idea that cycles that have periods set by different prime numbers cannot develop a fixed phase relationship. Surprisingly, this principle seems to have emerged in the evolution of several species of cicadas, whose life cycles follow prime numbers of years, to avoid synchronizing with each other and with predators. For example, if one tries to “tie together” oscillators with periods set to the first three prime numbers (3, 5 and 7), the resulting signals are very complicated and chaos can readily be generated (Figure 1).
The design started from the most traditional oscillator found in integrated circuits, called the “ring oscillator,” which is small and does not require reactive components (capacitors and inductors). Such a circuit was modified so that the strengths of ring oscillators having three, five and seven stages could be controlled independently, along with the tightness of their linkages. The device could generate chaotic signals over a wide frequency spectrum, from audible frequencies to the radio band (1 kHz to 10 MHz).
“Moreover, it could do so at a rather low power consumption, below one-millionth of a watt,” explains Dr. Hiroyuki Ito, head of the laboratory where the prototype was designed.
Even more remarkable was the discovery that totally different types of signals could be generated depending on the slightly different characteristics the individual prototypes (Figure 2). For example, the researchers recorded trains of spikes quite similar to what is found in biological neurons. They also found situations in which the rings “fought each other” to the point of almost completely suppressing their activity: this phenomenon is called “oscillation death.”
“This circuit draws its beauty from a really essential shape and principle, and simplicity is key to realizing large systems operating collectively in a harmonious manner, especially when it enriched by small differences and imperfections, such as those found in the realized circuits,” says Dr. Ludovico Minati, lead author of the study. The team believes in its future ability to be a building block for many different applications. They will work on integrating this circuit with sensors to, for example, measure chemical properties in the soil. Additionally, they will create networks of these oscillators on single computer chips interconnected in manners that resemble biological neural circuits. They hope to realize certain operations while consuming many times less power than a traditional computer.
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